A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation into direct current (DC) through the photoelectric effect. Solar modules are made from mono- or polycrystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. An inverter converts the generated DC into grid-compatible alternating current (AC). Grid-connected systems feed surplus electricity into the public grid, while off-grid systems use battery storage. Key planning parameters include orientation, tilt angle, shading analysis, and specific yield in kWh/kWp. System size is expressed in kilowatt-peak (kWp). Standards such as IEC 62446 and local grid codes govern installation requirements, grid protection, and feed-in management. Monitoring systems allow continuous performance tracking and fault detection.